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The earnings change ratio specifically measures the sensitivity of a financial institution's asset yield to changes in the base interest rate, typically one percentage point. This ratio is crucial for understanding how fluctuations in interest rates impact the income generated from assets.

When the base rate changes, it directly affects the yields on interest-earning assets, and being able to assess this change helps banks and financial institutions manage their interest rate risk effectively. Monitoring the asset yield in response to shifts in the base rate allows organizations to make informed decisions on pricing, lending, and investment strategies.

Other options relate to broader measures of interest rate sensitivity and net interest income changes. However, they either encompass a wider range of financial metrics or different aspects such as liabilities or net interest income, which do not specifically reflect the primary focus of the earnings change ratio as a measure of yield change on assets due to a base rate adjustment. Thus, the correct choice emphasizes the direct relationship between asset yield and the base rate change specifically.